Arnica (Arnica montana): traditional topical uses for bruises, sprains, and muscle pain, plus preparation methods and contraindications.

Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum): traditional support for circulation, standardized extract forms, and pregnancy contraindications.

Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa): an anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory Amazonian plant; see preparation, contraindications, and drug interactions.

Indian frankincense (Boswellia serrata): Ayurvedic anti-inflammatory resin. See traditional uses, preparation forms, and contraindications for internal use.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is an Asian rhizome rich in curcumin, used for more than 4,000 years in Ayurvedic and Chinese herbal traditions.