Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica): Properties and Benefits

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Centella asiatica (L.) Urban / Gotu Kola, popularly known as gotu kola, Indian pennywort or brahmi (though this last name is more commonly associated with Bacopa monnieri), is a perennial herbaceous plant of the family Apiaceae. Described by Carl Linnaeus and later reclassified by Ignatz Urban, this species is native to the humid regions of Southeast Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia and Malaysia, and it also extends into parts of southern Africa and Madagascar. Centella asiatica has been valued for millennia in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for its wide range of therapeutic properties, especially as a brain tonic and for wound healing.

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica): botanical illustration of a low-growing plant with rounded, wavy-edged reniform leaves and small white to purple flowers, a species known as gotu kola.
A low-growing plant of the Apiaceae family, with rooting stolons, reniform leaves with seven veins, and small white, pink or purple flowers.

The plant grows low along the ground, spreading through stolons that root into the soil, and its leaves are yellowish green, thin, alternate and long-stalked, with reniform, orbicular or oblong-elliptic shapes marked by seven veins. Small white, pink or purple flowers adorn the plant. The importance of Centella asiatica is recognized in monographs from the European Pharmacopoeia, the German Commission E and the World Health Organization (WHO), which highlight its effects on wound healing and memory improvement. Modern scientific research continues to validate and explore the vast potential of this medicinal plant.

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Popular and International Names of Gotu Kola

  • English: asiatic pennywort, gotu kola, indian pennywort, indian water navelwort, tiger herb, wild violet.
  • Spanish: brahmi, centella asiática, gotu kola, hierba de tigre.
  • Portuguese: brahmi (BR), centelha asiática, gotu kola, hidrocotile, pata-de-cavalo.
  • French: centella asiatica, gotu kola, herbe du tigre.
  • Italian: centella asiatica, erba della tigre, gotu kola.
  • German: Gotu Kola, Indischer Wassernabel, Tigergras.

Botanical Synonyms of Centella asiatica

The botanical synonyms of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban include Centella coriacea Nannfd., Hydrocotyle asiatica L., Hydrocotyle lunata Lam. and Trisanthus cochinchinensis Lour. These names reflect the taxonomic complexity and the history of this plant’s classification over time. Although Centella asiatica is the currently accepted name, the presence of multiple synonyms across scientific and traditional literature underscores its wide distribution and global recognition.

Botanical Family: Apiaceae

Centella asiatica belongs to the family Apiaceae, formerly known as Umbelliferae. This is a vast and cosmopolitan family, comprising roughly 3,700 species distributed across approximately 434 genera. It is characterized by mostly herbaceous plants with hollow stems and alternate leaves, often compound and with well-developed sheaths. The flowers are typically small and clustered into umbrella-shaped inflorescences, which gave the family its earlier name. Many species of Apiaceae are known for their aromatic and medicinal properties, including culinary plants such as parsley, coriander and carrot, as well as others with pharmacological importance such as hemlock and fennel. The presence of bioactive compounds, such as coumarins, flavonoids and essential oils, is common throughout this family, contributing to its diverse uses.

Parts of Gotu Kola Used

  • Aerial parts
  • Leaves
  • Standardized extracts

Ethnobotanical and Traditional Uses

  • Eye problems
  • Fever
  • Genitourinary disorders
  • Improvement of cognition and memory
  • Indigestion and diarrhea
  • Relief of anxiety and stress
  • Rheumatic pain
  • Traditional support for cognitive decline, with preliminary research on Alzheimer’s disease
  • Traditional use in leprosy (historical record)
  • Wound healing and skin conditions

Therapeutic Properties of Gotu Kola

  • Antibacterial (studied activity against bacteria)
  • Anticonvulsant (studied effect in reducing seizures)
  • Antidiabetic (studied effect on blood sugar)
  • Antifungal (studied activity against fungi)
  • Anti-inflammatory (studied effect in reducing inflammation)
  • Antioxidant (studied activity against free radicals)
  • Antiproliferative (activity observed in laboratory studies, without clinical proof)
  • Antipsoriatic (studied effect in psoriasis models)
  • Antiulcer (studied protective effect against ulcers)
  • Antiviral (studied activity against viruses)
  • Cardioprotective (studied protective effect on the heart)
  • Hepatoprotective (studied protective effect on the liver)
  • Immunostimulant (studied effect on the immune system)
  • Insecticidal (repels insects)
  • Neuroprotective (studied protective effect on the nervous system)
  • Sedative (studied effect on relaxation)

Detailed Phytochemical Profile of Gotu Kola

  • 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
  • 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
  • 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
  • Asiatic acid
  • Asiaticin
  • Asiaticoside
  • Bayogenin
  • Betulinic acid
  • Brahmic acid
  • Cadinol
  • Castasterone
  • Castillicetin
  • Castilliferol
  • Centellasapogenol A
  • Centellasaponins A-D
  • Centellicin
  • Centellin
  • Centellose
  • Chlorogenic acid
  • Ettacrinic acid
  • Flavonoids (apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, patuletin, quercetin, rutin)
  • Isochlorogenic acid
  • Isothankunic acid
  • Madasiatic acid
  • Madecassic acid (6-hydroxy-asiatic acid)
  • Madecassoside
  • Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (essential oil, including α-copaene)
  • o-Coumaric acid
  • p-Coumaric acid
  • p-Hydroxybenzoic acid
  • Polyacetylenes (acetoxycentellinol)
  • Pomolic acid
  • Rosmarinic acid
  • Sterols (11-oxoheneicosanylcyclohexane, dotriacont-8-en-1-oic acid, sitosterol 3-O-β-glucoside, stigmasterol 3-O-β-glucoside)
  • Thankunic acid
  • trans-Cinnamic acid
  • Triterpenes (23-O-acetylasiaticoside B, 23-O-acetylmadecassoside, 3-O-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl] 2α,3β,6β,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3β,6β,23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, 3β,6β,23-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid)
  • Ursolic acid

Preparation and Administration Forms of Gotu Kola

  • Capsules
  • Cream
  • Dried extract
  • Essential oil
  • Fluid extract
  • Infusion (tea)
  • Tablets
  • Tincture

Synergy with Other Medicinal Plants

Wound Healing and Skin Health

For topical applications, Centella asiatica shows synergy with Aloe vera and calendula (Calendula officinalis). While the triterpenes in Centella stimulate collagen production and tissue regeneration, Aloe vera offers moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties, and calendula contributes its wound-healing and antiseptic effects. This combination is traditionally used for the care of wounds, burns and dermatitis, as well as for general skin health support.

Cognitive Function and Memory

Centella asiatica can be combined with Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) and Ginkgo biloba to reinforce effects associated with memory and cognitive function. The synergy between the triterpenes of Centella and the bacosides of Bacopa, together with the flavonoids and terpenoids of Ginkgo, has been studied for its potential to optimize neuroprotection and cerebral circulation. This combination is frequently used in supplements aimed at brain health, although scientific evidence on the three-plant association remains limited.

Anxiety and Stress Reduction

The combination of Centella asiatica with valerian (Valeriana officinalis) and passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) is traditionally used for the relief of anxiety and stress. The anxiolytic effects of Centella, mediated by its triterpenes, complement the sedative compounds of valerian and the alkaloids of passionflower, resulting in a more pronounced calming effect. This synergy is employed to promote relaxation and support sleep quality; since the combination brings together plants with calming effects, people using sedatives or benzodiazepines should exercise extra caution and seek professional guidance before combining them.

Recipes and Usage Protocols of Gotu Kola

Homemade Healing Cream

Ingredients: 10 ml of Centella asiatica fluid extract, 50 g of neutral, fragrance-free cream base.

Preparation: Mix the fluid extract into the neutral cream base until a homogeneous blend is achieved. Store in a clean, dark container. Apply a small amount to clean, affected skin twice a day to support wound healing, help reduce inflammation and support skin elasticity. Ideal for scars, stretch marks and minor lesions. Discontinue use and seek medical guidance if irritation or an allergic reaction occurs.

Infusion for Cognitive Support

Ingredients: 1 teaspoon of dried Centella asiatica leaves, 200 ml of boiling water.

Preparation: Add the dried leaves to the boiling water. Cover and let steep for 10-15 minutes. Strain and drink. It is recommended to drink 1-2 cups a day as traditional support for brain function and stress management. This infusion is a gentle way to take advantage of the neuroprotective compounds studied in the plant.

Tincture for Anxiety and Nervousness

Ingredients: 50 g of dried Centella asiatica leaves, 250 ml of 70% grain alcohol.

Preparation: Place the leaves in a dark glass jar and cover with the alcohol. Seal well and let macerate for 2-4 weeks in a cool, dark place, shaking daily. Strain and store the tincture in a dropper bottle. Take 20-30 drops diluted in water, 2-3 times a day, as traditional support for the relief of anxiety and nervousness. The tincture provides a concentrated form of the plant’s active compounds; people using sedatives, benzodiazepines or anticoagulants should consult a healthcare professional before using it, given the possibility of interaction.

The preparations above follow traditional records and do not replace professional guidance. Before any internal use, check the contraindications and interactions described in this article.

Associated Therapies

Aromatherapy

Although essential oil from Centella asiatica is not common, extracts of the plant are incorporated into aromatherapy products for massages and topical treatments. Its bioactive compounds, especially the triterpenes, are believed to contribute to cellular regeneration and reduced inflammation, promoting a sense of well-being and relaxation when applied to the skin. Combining it with calming essential oils may enhance its effects.

Clinical Herbal Medicine

In clinical herbal medicine, Centella asiatica is widely used in standardized formulations, such as dried and fluid extracts, capsules and tablets. It is employed in formulations aimed at different purposes, including support for chronic venous insufficiency, wound healing, cognitive function support and anxiety reduction, always under professional guidance. Dosage is carefully adjusted based on the concentration of active compounds, such as asiaticosides, to pursue the desired effect and minimize adverse effects. Modern herbal medicine values Centella for its robust scientific basis.

Homeopathy

In homeopathy, Hydrocotyle asiatica (a synonym of Centella asiatica) is indicated, in homeopathic practice, for skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema and ulcers, as well as for circulatory problems and inflammation. The homeopathic preparation follows the principles of dilution and dynamization, aiming to stimulate the body’s capacity for self-healing. It is often indicated for individuals with dry, thick skin prone to flaking, and for those who experience a sensation of heaviness in the legs due to poor circulation.

Contraindications and Side Effects of Gotu Kola

General Contraindications

Centella asiatica is contraindicated for individuals with known hypersensitivity to any component of the plant or to other plants of the Apiaceae family. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid high therapeutic doses, as the plant has been reported to stimulate uterine contractions and, in animal studies, has been associated with infertility. Although occasional consumption in small amounts, such as in food, is generally considered safe, caution recommends medical consultation before any regular use or concentrated doses during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Children under 6 months should not use it without medical supervision, especially if combined with honey, due to the theoretical risk of contamination by Clostridium botulinum.

Common Side Effects

Side effects of Centella asiatica are generally rare and mild. They may include allergic skin reactions, such as contact dermatitis, hives or irritation, especially with topical application of undiluted extracts in sensitive individuals. In cases of ingestion, some people may experience nausea or gastrointestinal discomfort. It is important to monitor individual response to the plant and discontinue use if persistent or severe adverse reactions occur.

Drug Interactions

Centella asiatica may interact with certain medications. Due to the presence of coumarins, it can potentiate the effects of anticoagulants such as warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding. Individuals being treated for diabetes should monitor their glucose levels, as Centella may have a mild hypoglycemic effect. In addition, combining it with sedatives or benzodiazepines may increase drowsiness due to its depressant effects on the central nervous system. It is always recommended to consult a healthcare professional before starting to use Centella asiatica, especially if taking other medications.

Historical Notes and Interesting Facts

The Tiger Legend

Centella asiatica is often known as Tiger Herb in some Asian cultures. This popular name comes from the observation of wild tigers that, after fights or injuries, would rub their wounds against the plant’s leaves to speed up healing. This legend highlights ancient folk wisdom about the healing properties of Centella asiatica, especially its tissue-regenerating and anti-inflammatory capacity, which is studied by modern science today.

Longevity and Wisdom

In traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, Centella asiatica is revered as an herb of longevity and wisdom. It is often associated with promoting vitality, mental clarity and a longer life. Regular consumption of the plant is believed to support memory, concentration and overall cognitive function, contributing to healthy, active aging. This age-old reputation positions it as a traditional adaptogen, capable of helping the body cope with stress and maintain balance.

Culinary and Cosmetic Use

Beyond its medicinal uses, Centella asiatica is also enjoyed in the cuisine of some Asian regions, where its fresh leaves are used in salads, juices and traditional dishes. Its slightly bitter, refreshing flavor adds a special touch to meals. In the field of cosmetics, the plant has gained prominence as a valued ingredient in skincare products, thanks to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and collagen-stimulating properties, being used to address wrinkles, cellulite and stretch marks and to promote firmer, healthier-looking skin.

Frequently Asked Questions about Gotu Kola

Can Gotu Kola Be Used by Children?

The use of Centella asiatica in children should be done with caution and under medical supervision, especially in infants under 6 months. Although it is traditionally used for some pediatric conditions, such as colic, it is essential to ensure the correct dosage and the absence of allergies. Combining it with honey in preparations for infants should be avoided due to the theoretical risk of infant botulism.

What Is the Best Way to Take Gotu Kola?

The best way to take Centella asiatica depends on the purpose of use. For internal use, infusions (teas) and fluid or dried extracts in capsules are common. For topical use, creams and ointments are recommended. The ideal choice should be guided by a healthcare professional, taking into account the condition to be addressed and the concentration of active compounds.

Does Gotu Kola Interact with Medications?

Yes, Centella asiatica can interact with certain medications, such as anticoagulants (due to coumarins) and sedatives (potentiating their effects). It can also influence glucose levels in diabetics. It is crucial to inform your doctor or pharmacist about all medications and supplements you use before starting to use the plant.

Are There Serious Side Effects Associated with Gotu Kola?

The side effects of Centella asiatica are generally mild and rare, including allergic skin reactions or gastrointestinal discomfort. More serious effects, such as infertility or miscarriage, have been observed in studies using very high doses in animals or in specific cases, but they are uncommon with recommended use. Always follow the indicated dosages and seek professional guidance.

Related Articles

Notice: this content is for informational purposes and does not replace professional medical advice. Consult a physician or herbal practitioner before using medicinal plants, especially during pregnancy, breastfeeding, or alongside medication.

References and Scientific Studies

92 Cited References

Based on 92 cited references (1 Peer-Reviewed, 91 Supplementary).

View All 92 Cited References

Peer-Reviewed Scientific Studies (1)

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Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica): traditional uses for skin and memory, preparation methods, and contraindications of this medicinal plant.

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